Rhythmic Gymnastics – a relatively young sport, originated in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th century as a way of expressing motion. In the relatively short period of this wonderful sport gained international fame, became the Olympic and currently it is difficult to find a country in which there were no rhythmic gymnastics. Currently, there are many splendid gymnasts all over the world, as well as a lot of their fans.
Modern Rhythmic Gymnastics
Rhythmic Gymnastics is a sport in which individuals and group competitors (5-6 peoples) manipulated with the apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon and free (composition without apparatus). This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance and apparatus manipulation. The victor is participant who earns the most points, determined by panel of judges for leaps, balances, pirouettes (pivots) flexibilities, apparatus handling, execution, and artistic effect. All routines are performed to music, of one or more instruments. Vocals without lyrics are allowed as music accompaniment. Inappropriate noises – engine noises, police sirens, the sound of the breaking of objects etc. are not allowed. The penalty for music not conforming to regulations is 0.50pts. The time limit for individual exercises is 1.15’ to 1.30’, while for the group exercises it is 2.15’ to 2.30’. The penalty for each additional or missing second is 0.05pts. The floor area is a carpeted surface measuring 13x13 meters, surrounded by a one-meter wide security border. Any crossing of the boundaries of the floor area by one or two feet or by any part of the body, or apparatus is penalized by 0.20pts. No penalty will be applied if the apparatus, or any part of gymnast’s body passes the boundary of the floor area without touching the ground. During the exercises, the apparatus must be in constant motion: movements with great variety of shape, amplitude, direction, plane and speed should be performed. The apparatus must be handled with as much variety as possible. It may not be used as a decoration: the relationship between gymnast and apparatus must be constant. Composing a routine is based on including in it some specific fundamental groups of body movements and also technical groups in apparatus usage. Nevertheless, each exercise includes far more variety than briefly mentioned below.
Rope
The rope is made of hemp or other synthetic material. Its length is proportional to the gymnast’s height. Rope is considered to be a very dynamic apparatus requiring good jumping abilities and explosiveness. The fundamental groups of body movement for rope are: jumps/leaps, circles, figure eights and “sails”. Rope is very dynamic apparatus requiring agility and coordination. The rope’s shape throughout the routine should remain well designed, without any curves.
Hoop
The hoop may be made of plastic or wood. Its interior diameter is form 80 to 90cm; its minimum weight is 300 grams. The hoop must be rigid enough to retain its shape. The fundamental groups of body movement for hoop are jumps/leaps, pivots, balance and flexibility. The technical groups for hoop are the rolls over the body or on the floor, rotations around the hand or other parts of the body, throws and catches and passing over or through the hoop. Handling the apparatus includes swings, circles and figure eights. Hoop is the apparatus offering the greatest of movements and technical skills. It must be used on all levels and planes. Any vibration of the hoop in the air is penalized.
Ball
It’s made of rubber or a synthetic material. It is 18-20 cm in diameter and weights 400g. The fundamental groups of body movement for ball are the Flexibility elements. The technical groups for ball include throws and catches, bouncing and rolling over the body or on the floor. Handling includes “thrusts”, swings, circles, figure eight or “flip overs”. Ball is by tradition an elegant and “lyrical” rather than a dynamic apparatus. The ball should rest in the gymnast’s hand and not against the wrist, all the time during performance; no grip is allowed, the movement should be flowing and sensuous.
Clubs
They are 40-50cm long and weight 150gr each and should be made of wood or synthetic material. The fundamental groups of body movement for clubs are the Balance elements. The technical groups for clubs include mills, small circles, throws and catches and tapping. Handling includes “thrusts”, figure eights and asymmetric movements. Clubs are a great “hand – game”! Their handling requires rhythmic work, psychomotor coordination and clockwork precision.
Ribbon
At World Championships it was first introduced in Cuba 1971. The ribbon, made of satin (or a similar material without starch) is at least 6m long and 4-6cm wide. The stick is of 1cm diameter and length from 50 to 60 cm. It is usually made of wood, bamboo, plastic or fiberglass. Its maximum weight is 35 grams. The fundamental groups of body movement for ribbon are the Pivots. The technical groups for ribbon are the “snakes”, spirals, throws and catches, small tosses. Handling includes “thrusts”, swings, circles and figure eights. The movements with the ribbon should be large and free flowing. Any knots in the ribbon are penalized. Its function is to create clearly outlined designs in air. Working with the ribbon requires strength of the shoulder and arm muscles.
The international tournaments are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their years of birth; and Seniors for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in the leading countries typically start training at the very young age and they reach of his skill usually in late adolescence (15-19 years) or early twenties. The largest events in sport are the Olympic Games, World Championship, European Championship, World Cup Events, and Grand-Prix Tournaments.
The birth and development of Rhythmic Gymnastics
Rhythmic Gymnastics is reconciling art and sport. This sport is grew out of ideas Jean-Georges Novvere (1727-1810), Fransua Delsarte (1811-1871) and Rudolf Bode (1881-1970), who all believed in movement expression, where one used dance to express oneself and exercise various body parts. Peter Henry Ling further developed this idea in his 19th-century Swedish system of free exercise, which promoted “Artistic Gymnastics”, in which students expressed their feeling and emotions through bodily movement. This idea was extended by Catharine Beecher, who founded the western Female Institute in Ohio, United States, in 1837. In Beecher’s gymnastic program, called grace without dancing, the young women exercised to music, moving from simple calisthenics to more strenuous activities.
During the 1880s, Emile Jaques-Dalkroze of Switzerland developed eurhythmics, a form of pisical training for musicians and dancers. George Demeny of France created exercises to music that were designed to promote grace of movement, muscular flexibility and good posture. All of these styles were combined around 1900 into Swedish school of rhythmic gymnastics, which would later add dance elements from Finland. In this time, Ernst Idla of Estonia established a degree of difficulty for each movement. In 1929, Henrich Medau founded The Medau School in Berlin to train gymnasts in “Modern Gymnastics”, and to develop the use apparatus.
This elegant form of gymnastics came into begin as an illustration of expression through movement. Rhythmic Gymnastics as a competitive discipline evolved toward the 1920s in the USSR. It quickly developed in a variety of schools, and its first high-level was held in 1942. In 1945 – created by rhythmic gymnastics section of the All-Union, transformed in 1963 into a federation of the USSR. In the late 1940s, is developed a classification program and the competition rules. A further development of this sport proceeded with unusual speed, and covered an increasing number of young participants.
Rhythmic would have to wait until the late 1950s for FIG recognition, and it was through the persuasive commitment and dedication of two FIG (Federation International Gymnastics) women, Ms. Andreina Gotta (ITA) and Berthe Villancher (FRA), that the discipline came into own in 1961. After Men’s and Women’s Artistic Gymnastics, Rhythmic became the third official FIG competitive discipline. The FIG formally recognized this discipline in 1961, first as Modern Gymnastics, then as Rhythmic sportive gymnastics and finally as Rhythmic Gymnastics. The premiere World Championships in Individuals were held in Budapest (HUN) in 1963 with the participation of twenty-eight gymnasts from ten European countries. The first World Champion title was awarded to Lyudmila Savinkova of Russia. The premiere World Championships in Groups were held in 1967 in Copenhagen (DEN), the European Championships in 1978 in Madrid. Ms. Gotta wrote that same year “This sport has conquered global frontiers, garnering both admiration and insert. Our ultimate aspiration is to see Rhythmic Sport Gymnastics admitted to the Olympic Games.” Rhythmic gymnastics was added to the 1984 Summer Olympic in Los Angeles, with an individual All-Around competition. However, many federations from the Eastern European countries were forced to boycott by Soviet Union. Canadian Lori Fang was the first gymnast to earn an Olympic gold medal. After Olympic Games in Los Angeles for Rhythmic gymnastics started a new stage for development. The Group competition was added to the 1996 Summer Olympic in Atlanta. The Spanish group won the first gold medal of the new competition with a team formed by Estela Gimenez, Marta Baldo, Nuria Cabanillas, Lorena Gurendez, Nuria Gurendez and Tania Lamarca.
Olympic Rhythmic gymnastics has only female participants. Girls start a young age and become age-eligible to compete in Olympic Games and other major international competitions on January 1 of their 16th year. Top rhythmic gymnastics must have many qualities: Balance, flexibility, coordination and strength are some of the most important. They also must possess psychological attributes such as the ability to compete under intense pressure, in which one mistake can cost you a title and the discipline and work ethic practice the same skills over and aver again.
Beginning 1955 till now permanently changed the Rhythmic Gymnastics competitive programs, so the sport has always been the search for more objective judgment. Gymnasts reached relatively high levels of physical and technical qualities, and year by year they represent the technical structure equipped with more difficult exercises. By the end of the last century the judicial system could not objectively evaluate the combination and after the XXVII Olympic Games in 2000 in Sidney, competition rules and the judicial system has changed radically. The governing body, the FIG changed the Code of Points in 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2008 to emphasize technical elements and reduce the subjectivity of judging. Before 2001 judging was on a scale of 10like that of Artistic Gymnastics. It was changed to a 30-point scale in 2003, a 20-point scale in 2005, and in 2008 was changed back to 30. There are three values adding up to be the final points – technical autistics and execution. The FIG also selects which apparatus will be used in competitions only out of the five possible apparatus are sanctioned. Up to 2010 the clubs were not used at the Senior level. For 2011 rope will be dropped for senior national, then in 2012 it will be dropped for junior national and in 2013 it will be dropped in novice and will continued to be dropped through the years descending national to provincial to interclub until eventually rope will be completely out of rhythmic gymnastics.
___________________________________
So we can say that the Rhythmic Gymnastics are exclusivity female sport. This sport educates in women physical, psychological and artistic skills. Rhythmic Gymnastics created as a way of physical education for women and is currently continuing its original mission. And we must say thanks to those who folded and fold his talent, intelligence and the potential for existence this splendid and spectacular sport.
Комментариев нет:
Отправить комментарий